On February 23, 1899, Sister Prudence, Sister Angela, and Sister Cecile were sent to Taiping to establish an English (girls') school in Klian Pauh, with a total of 75 students named Klian Pauh Convent. Sister Euphraise, of Indian descent, began teaching with only 8 students in 1900. The school became the leading Tamil school in Taiping. Classes were conducted in a classroom behind the St. Louis Church building. By 1903, the number of students had increased to 26.

In 1921, the classroom building was expanded to accommodate two classrooms for Grades IV and V, and it was registered under the administration of the Department of Education. In 1933, a building capable of accommodating 320 students was erected through the collaboration of the headmistress, Rev. Mother St. Euphraise, and the Parish Priest Father Olcomondy. Sister Mary Joseph became the headmistress in 1958, and at that time, there were 11 teachers teaching in the school. In 1964, graduates from Maktab Harian started teaching here. In 1971, a total of 268 students enrolled and studied in the school.

In 1983, Ms. Salachey Raman became the headmistress of the school. Under her administration, the school became co-educational, allowing male students to enroll. After four years, the number of students in the school increased to 428. The school faced a shortage of classrooms, and it began operating in two sessions, morning and afternoon. The headmistress, along with the Chief of MIC Taiping Branch, Mr. V. Raman, met with Y.B. Dato Sri S. Samy Vellu (President of MIC) who was also the Minister of Works, Malaysia, to explain the school's problems. When the number of students increased to 716, the shortage of classrooms and toilets made the school environment unfavorable.

In 1988, Y.B. Dato Sri S. Samy Vellu visited the school and promised to construct an additional building with 12 classrooms. In 1993, a toilet block was built with a cost of RM20,000 with the cooperation and assistance from the MIC Taiping Division led by Mr. V. Raman. In 1996, the construction of a three-story additional building with 12 classrooms, worth RM380,000, was initiated by Dato Seri S. Samy Vellu. The building was completed in 1998 and put into use. The school session changed from two sessions to one session. Ms. Yogarani became the headmistress in 1998 and retired in 1999.

In 1999, Ms. P. Pushparani became the headmistress of SJK(T) St. Theresa's Convent. Under her leadership, the school achieved Grade A in 2002. The number of students increased to 761 in 2005. In 2007, the number of students and teachers increased to 784 and 41, respectively. In 2008, the total number of students in the school was 751, with 42 teachers and support staff.

SJK(T) St. Theresa's Convent, Taiping has undergone significant changes and improvements over the years. In 2010, the school operated in two sessions, morning and afternoon, due to the reconstruction of Block C. This was made possible with the assistance of Y.B. Dato Seri S. Samy Vellu, the President of MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress), and the Perak Education Department. As a result of the change in school sessions, the number of students dropped to 686. However, after the completion of the new building in 2011, the student population began to increase again.

Under the leadership of Puan P. Pushparani, the school experienced various improvements in all areas, especially in academics. The school achieved excellent results in the UPSR (Primary School Evaluation Test) from 2008 to 2010, becoming the top UPSR achievement school in Perak consecutively in 2009 and 2010.

Starting from 2011, the school was led by Mr P. Sivarathnam PPT., with a student population of 550, 37 teachers, and 6 staff members. During his tenure, 15 students achieved 7A in the UPSR examination in 2012. The school facilities underwent drastic changes between 2010 and 2012. Through the collaboration of teachers and the Parent-Teacher Association (PIBG), a four-story additional building was completed and inaugurated by YB Dato Seri Palanivel in February 2012. Additionally, with the efforts of the PIBG, an multipurpose hall was constructed in August 2012.

In September of the same year, an ICT laboratory was built in collaboration with the School Management Board, PIBG, HYO club, Maxis, and the Malaysian government. The school canteen was also renovated and now has a dining hall with air conditioning. Furthermore, facilities such as meeting rooms, assistant principal's room, teachers' dining room, sports equipment room, medical room, entrance gate, and guard booth were all completed in 2012. In 2013, the school and PIBG built a new badminton and netball court and carried out renovation works on the school's resource center, giving it a new look. In 2016, with financial assistance from the Ministry of Education Malaysia, the School Management Board, under the leadership of Mr R. Ravendran, successfully built an open hall with a capacity of 500 people.

On October 31, 2017, Mr Sivarathnam Ponniah PPT. retired, and Mdm. K.Puvaneswary took over as the new principal of SJK(T) St. Theresa's Convent, Taiping. In the same year, a gallery room was established to showcase the school's achievements for visitors and the school community, and it was inaugurated during the retirement ceremony of the former principal, Mr P. Sivarathnam. Under the leadership of Mdm. K.Puvaneswary, the school underwent several changes that shaped the new face of SJK(T) St. Theresa's Convent. The school was recognized as a Transformative Education School under the Program Transformasi Sekolah 2025 (TS25) Cohort 3 starting from 2018 and is heading towards becoming a High-Performing School. In 2018, the first Pre-school class with 25 students began operating. In 2019, the school achieved its first international-level recognition, bringing glory to the entire school community.

Next, the second Pre-school class has started, and the current number of pre-school students is 50. In 2019, for the first time, three students from SJK(T) St. Theresa's Convent made the school proud by participating in the International Science Innovation Competition in Jakarta, Indonesia, and winning the Silver Award and Special Award for Best Innovation. This year, the School Resource Center also won the Third Prize in the Excellent Resource Center Competition at the State Level in Perak, under the category of Grade A schools. In 2020, despite the multiple delays in the school session due to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, it did not deter the school students from participating in more than 10 international competitions and achieving 4 gold medals in the field of scientific innovation.

2020 also brought various changes to the school building structure, where the maintenance and upgrading of the buildings were approved and carried out to accommodate the capacity of students and provide comfort to the school community. Among them are the school cafeteria building, teachers' room, assistant principal's room, teachers' dining hall, PAK21 classrooms, school fence, and elephant walkway. In 2021, the Dual Language Program (DLP) was started for Year One with a total of 21 students, as an effort to attract the interest of parents and students towards SJK(T) ST Theresa's Convent. The DLP program has been continued, and the School has applied for the expansion of DLP classes for 2024. The School also received approval to start the Integrated Special Education Program (PPKI) in March 2021, and it has been well-received by parents. Currently, there are 2 PPKI classes with a total of 13 students. With this, it is hoped that the history of SJK(T) St. Theresa's Convent will continue with even greater achievements and excellence in the future under the leadership of Principal Mdm. K.Puvaneswary.